To print this guide, click on your web browser's "Print" icon, or go to the menubar and select "File..Print", The Benefits and Consequences of Police Crackdowns, Drug Dealing in Privately Owned Apartment Complexes, http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/criminaljustice/research/bgp.htm, Crime levers strategy was hailed as an unprecedented success (see, e.g. Crime Reduction Plan 91G Squad, Phoenix Police Department, 1996, Operation Guilderland, N.Y.: Harrow and Heston. "The Cost of Crackdowns: Policing Cabramatta's Heroin Market." 0000050440 00000 n Ceasefire | Beyond Intractability Don't call it a ceasefire: The pros and cons of the Syria deal Reuter, P., J. Haaga, P. Murphy, and A. Praskac (1988). In L. Hoover, ed. The Neighborhood Effects of Street-Level Drug Enforcement. Department, 2002, Return Park 2004, Lancashire Constabulary, 2005, Kingsway McMahon, J. The general elements include the following: Tip: An example of the message to be relayed is, You are very important to the community, but violence will no longer be tolerated. Award Finalist], Salt Lake City Police Department, 2001, The Attorneys work closely with the individual District Attorneys offices in deciding which cases would have most impact under federal prosecution. Smith (2001), citing Sampson and Cohen (1988). Operation Ceasefire (also known as the Boston Gun Project and the Boston Miracle[1]) is a problem-oriented policing initiative implemented in 1996 in Boston, Massachusetts. Finally, this approach requires regular and accurate monitoring of burglary trends as an early warning system so that the start of any decay in impact can be spotted and acted upon by a re-application of the initial crackdown, which would then be followed by further consolidation work. British Journal of Criminology 41(4):738-745. They may use undercover or plainclothes officers working with uniformed police, and may involve other official actions in addition to arrests. Targeting Firearms Violence Through Directed Police Patrol . Safe Streets Clean Sweep (SSCS), Reduction The National Network for Safe Communities (2016) provides a detailed guidebook on the core model for conducting focused deterrence for groups, the Group Violence Intervention (PDF), which is an updated version of Boston's Operation Ceasefire model for focused deterrence. Actions taken against persons and groups that persist in crime are intended to sanction them swiftly, with certainty and proportionality. To properly develop responses for specific crime and disorder problems, you should first carefully analyze your jurisdiction's problem. Several researchers have asserted that the best way to maximize the benefits of crackdowns is to conduct them briefly and intensively, rotate them among several target areas, and resume them either at unpredictable times in the future or when target offenses return to certain predetermined levels.7. Tactical Narcotics Teams in New York : An Evaluation of TNT. FL, US), 1997, Operation This is not the only way to run focused deterrence interventions, but more-successful interventions reviewed by RAND frequently included these steps (see Analyzing the Evidence for Focused Deterrence). Highly extensible with multiple visualization and functionality tools. More and better studies are needed, of course, but in the final analysis, no amount of research knowledge completely substitutes for the good judgment police decision-makers must exercise, taking many factors into account. . The underlying assumption is that crime rates will be lower when the benefits do not outweigh the costs of committing a crime, as perceived by the offender (Braga and Weisburd, 2012a). The crackdowns this guide covers are larger-scale special operations authorized at a policy-making level; they are not crackdowns undertaken by a single, beat-level officer. Evaluation Review 20(6):627-669. Kelling, G., T. Pate, D. Dieckman, and C. Brown (1974). Measures taken to better protect potential burglary victims and their property also contributed to this project's success. It's one thing to realize a quick dramatic decrease in some types of offenses, but if that's at the cost of creating great antagonism toward the police on the part of youth and future generations, then police departments are going to have to deal with the consequences of that hostility.25, But loss of public support is not inevitable. We identified 10 quasi-experimental evaluations and 1 randomized controlled trial. Wessa (2017) was used to run hierarchical clustering. This covers an extensive family of arrangements that can be known by a variety of related labels, including: truce, humanitarian . The crime drama series City on a Hill shows a fictionalized account of Operation Ceasefire. Some people are deterred by crackdowns only when they get caught and punished; they are then less likely to repeat the offense. U.S. special operations forces carried out a precarious evacuation of the American embassy in warring Sudan on Sunday, sweeping in and out of the capital, Khartoum, with helicopters on the ground. Aggressive Cars and Trucks (TACT), Washington State Patrol, 2006, West LA Clearly, this snowball effect will not apply to every problem against which crackdowns are directed. Working Paper #89-01-15. When they succeeded in taking the majority of burglars out of circulation, the burglary rate dropped significantly. Traffic enforcement crackdowns have had mixed results in reducing traffic crashes. [Full text], Best, D., J. Strang, T. Beswick, and M. Gossup (2001). Nationally, without the support of a formal evaluation, Boston's Operation Ceasefire pulling . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, NIJ. Weisburd, D., and L. Green (1995). (Middlesbrough, UK), 2007, Neighborhood Davis, R., and P. Mateu-Gelabert (1999). Building a strategic law enforcement partnership: An essential component of this approach calls for criminal justice agencies to focus their enforcement efforts on the relatively small group of gang members and young people who "drive" gun violence as determined by the problem analysis described above particularly to the extent that these gang members and young people disregard the message to cease gun violence. [17] The Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV) has shown a 41% reduction in street group member-related homicides. Evaluations of police operations are always complicated. 12. "Developing More Effective Strategies for Curbing Prostitution." Police and researchers believed that an area's burglary rate is directly proportional to the number of burglars operating in that areathat is, the supply of burglars drives burglary as much as the demand for stolen goods does. Directly focusing on known burglars has proved successful in at least one carefully planned initiative in the United Kingdom.40 There, police sought to identify all known and active burglars in a target area and to take them out of circulation, mainly through arrest. ); searching vehicles and interviewing drivers at roadblocks or checkpoints; and. ", "Deterring Gang Involved Gun Violence: Measuring the Impact of Boston's Operation Ceasefire on Street Gang Behavior", "The Effects of Pulling Levers Focused Deterrence Strategies on Crime", "CRIME DATA January 1st November 16th, 2009 vs. 2010: BPDNEWS.COM", "The Effects of Focused Deterrence Strategies on Crime: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Evidence", "#054: 01-31-03 JUSTICE DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCES RECIPIENTS OF FIRST ANNUAL PROJECT SAFE NEIGHBORHOODS ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Ceasefire&oldid=1145971726, Assembled a multi- and interagency working group composed largely of line-level. (1974). The two main elements of Ceasefire were a direct law enforcement attack on illicit firearms traffickers supplying youths with guns and an attempt to generate a strong deterrent to gang violence. (1999); Jacobson (1999), Weiss and McGarrell (1999); Farrell, Chenery, and Pease (1998), Novak et al. Send an e-mail with a link to this guide. There is a long history and variety of deterrents that have been used throughout the ages (e.g., Wines, 1895, pp. Provides basic notifications for standard IT performance indicators. 0000028312 00000 n Josi, D., M. Donahue, and R. Magnus (2000). community members being explicitly tasked to monitor and support individuals in some way. "Traffic Enforcement and Crime: Another Look." Theft from Motor Vehicle Initiative, Cleveland Police Department Fritsch, E., T. Caeti, and R. Taylor (1999). There are five key tasks typically involved in focused deterrence. Displacement occurs when crime patterns (methods, places, or times) change as a result of a crime prevention effort . Northern District of California [Full text], Jacobson, J. (1999); Worden, Bynum, and Frank (1994); Kleiman (1988), Braga (2001); McGarrell, Chermak, and Weiss (1999). Campbell, D., and H. Ross (1968). 26, Potential for abuse. They may nevertheless contain useful information The Operation Ceasefire focused deterrence strategy was designed to prevent violence by reaching out directly to gangs, saying explicitly that violence would no longer be tolerated, and backing up that message by "pulling every lever" legally available when violence occurred (Kennedy, 1997). Drug enforcement crackdowns that reduce overall drug use will also reduce the need for cash to buy drugs, and thereby provide the added benefit of reducing some of the need to commit crimes to get cash. Aggressive Cars and Trucks (TACT), West LA In line with long-standing Australian policy, the case is made for approaches that incorporate and balance demand reduction, supply reduction and harm reduction principles. Haulgh: Managing Prostitution, Regenerating the Community, Bolton Police Obviously, police have used crackdowns against other problems, as well, but those cited here are the most prominent in the research literature. They reported that crack was harder to find. Consolidating Police Crackdowns: Findings From an Antiburglary Project . One of the keys to effective deterrence in the Boston Gun Violence Project was how officials personally and persuasively told high-risk offenders about the new consequences for violent acts (Kennedy et al. Department, 1999, Ticketing PDF Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire Overall, the project did not follow its original plan of a continuous cycle of crackdown and consolidation. (1999); Schnelle et al. A U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)-sponsored evaluation of Operation Ceasefire revealed that the intervention was associated with a 63% decrease in the monthly number of Boston youth homicides, a 32% decrease in the monthly number of shots-fired calls, a 25% decrease in the monthly number of gun assaults, and in one high-risk police district The plan is based on the work of criminologist David M. Kennedy. "Police-Led Crackdowns and Cleanups: An Evaluation of a Crime Control Initiative in Richmond , Va. " Crime and Delinquency 47(1):60-83. You may order free bound copies in any of three ways: Online: Department of Justice COPS Response Center. In R. Clarke (ed. This is accomplished primarily at group meetings known as "call ins" or "forums," attended by representatives of the working group and the particular gang members and young people. 450 Golden Gate Avenue Problem-Oriented Policing, Deterrence, and Youth Violence: An 0000029482 00000 n The older members were told that their entire syndicate would be targeted for increased enforcement if they did not control their younger, more-violent members. "Problem-Oriented Policing: Actions and Effectiveness in San Diego ." Exactly how much more intensive and extensive police action is required varies from problem to problem, but it must be sufficiently greater than normal to alter offenders' perceptions of risk. In addition to taking more enforcement actions, officers might also be encouraged to apply the principles of problem-oriented policing or situational crime prevention as circumstances warrant.5, Specific actions officers might take as part of a crackdown include. Several studies have concluded that in jurisdictions where police aggressively enforce the law, the robbery rates are lower. 34 Aggressive field interrogations35 and traffic enforcement36 are among the specific crackdown tactics reported to have contributed to reductions in robbery rates. Washington , D.C. : Police Foundation. documents are unedited and are reproduced in the condition in which Smith (2001); Braga et al. However, this longer-term solution falls outside the usual bounds of developmental project funding. Sherman, L. and D. Rogan. Schnelle, J., R. Kirchner, J. Casey, P. Uselton, and M. McNees (1977). A locked padlock ), The Challenge of Community Policing: Testing the Promises . Let the attributes matter. The ceasefire was initially established in November 2003 in order to stabilise the situation at the de facto border between the two countries in disputed Kashmir. As Lawrence Sherman noted in his review of crackdowns, [I]t is possible for well-intentioned efforts to make things worse.16, Short-term impact. Cajon and University Avenue Traffic Accident Reduction, F-STOP: [Full text][Briefing Notes]. For focused deterrence to work, the targeted criminal population must be aware of the deterrence strategy. Thousand Oaks , Calif. : Sage. (Bolton, UK), 2004, The Martin [Full text]. Intensive field interview initiatives have been shown to help reduce burglary,41 as have aggressive patrol,42 traffic enforcement,43 drunken-driving enforcement,44 and street-level drug enforcement.45 Simply adding more patrol officers to an area does not appear to reduce burglary,46 although one study did conclude that extra slow-moving patrols did reduce nighttime commercial burglaries (but not daytime residential burglaries), albeit at a prohibitively high cost.47, See the problem-specific guides on Burglary of Single-Family Houses [Full text] and Burglary of Retail Establishments. Police Department, 1998, Operation In particular, the aim of the program was to crack down on known burglary recidivists, and then consolidate any gains by engaging the local community and implementing various prevention measures. Crackdowns are designed to apprehend many offenders, some of whom will be serious and/or high-rate. However, in practice, police agencies conduct many operations that can be defined as crackdowns, but which are not as well-planned, coordinated, and focused. Some crackdowns focus on particular illegal conductrobbery, burglary, drunken driving, speeding, drug dealing, gun-related crimes, etc. Cohen and Ludwig (2002); Chermak, McGarrell, and Weiss (2001); Eck and Maguire (2000); Davis and Mateu-Gelabert (1999); Caeti (1999); Boydstun (1975). Consequently, we know less about the effects of the less well-planned, coordinated, and focused crackdowns. Those interested should read the original study reports to better judge the reliability of the findings and conclusions. Operation Rehab's goal was to change people's perception of the area from that of a drug corridor to that of a strong business community, through an intense positive marketing campaign. Arrests alone are ineffective in addressing street prostitution.75 Merely processing offenders through the criminal justice system, often with modest fines and short jail terms, does little to reduce the problem, and can even make it worse by putting prostitutes under further financial pressure, which many can alleviate only through more prostitution. Operation Crackdown ( London), Newark Foot Patrol Experiment Police Foundation (n.d.). Officers used an undercover, reverse-sting operation, arresting buyers for solicitation. Cohen, J., and J. Ludwig (2002). Sherman, L., and D. Weisburd (1995). Cohen and Ludwig (2002); Sherman (1997); Sherman and Rogan (1995); Sherman (1990); Matthews (1990). Policing, 28(1): 174-188. Working Paper #88-01-11. Safe, Boston Police Department, 2006, Harbor 0000049135 00000 n Operation Ceasefire was composed of two fundamentals. Beyond the use of carrots and sticks, focused deterrence initiatives attempt to decrease the opportunities that individuals have to commit violence, make the local community a partner in deflecting individuals away from crime, and improve police-community relations (Braga and Weisburd, 2012a, p. 26). Violence was particularly concentrated in poor inner city neighborhoods including Roxbury, Dorchester, and Mattapan. Uchida, C., B. Forst, and S. Annan (1992). Aitken, C., D. Moore, P. Higgs, J. Kelsall, and M. Kerger (2002). Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. Target Anti-Crime Response Team, Broward County Sheriff's Department, 2002, Street The Use and Effectiveness of Problem-Oriented Policing It is equally difficult to determine reliably what factors other than the crackdown might have contributed to the results, and whether and how the problem might have been displaced. International Journal of Drug Policy, 13(3):189-198. New York : Vera Institute of Justice. Cambridge , Mass. Fontana Serious Traffic Offender Program, Harbor 2. With the Kraska, P., and V. Kappeler (1997).