Paul Mercier. Another local, Tsewang Norbu, recalls life before cups and plates. AEST = Australian Eastern Standard Time which is 10 hours ahead of GMT (Greenwich Mean Time), abc.net.au/news/inside-the-forbidden-kingdom-of-lo/10920760, Jock Zonfrillo, celebrated chef and judge on MasterChef Australia, dies aged 46, Major route into the Kokoda track appears to have been blockaded amid tour operator feud, Tony Abbott mounts attack on Voice after a spat with parliamentary committee, 'The worm goes global': Rita Ora wowed by Adelaide lobbyist's dancefloor moves, Fiji's former attorney-general arrested and charged with abuse of office, New Zealand PM in favour of country becoming a republic, Lauren Cranston jailed for eight years over one of Australia's biggest tax frauds, 'They will forever know their dad was a hero': 1,000 mourners farewell slain NSW paramedic, Nurse driving home from shift among victims of triple-fatal crash involving allegedly stolen car, has recently intensified, in an effort to cut down on refugees fleeing Tibet, 'No way to call for help': Teen's escape from trafficking trade that sold her mother, 'She's not your mother': How one text unravelled 48 years of lies, Preeti was a 'living goddess', worshipped by the king. The Luba belief system includes the belief in the existence of a Universal Creator (Shakapanga), the afterlife, the communion between the living and the dead, and the observance of ethical conduct as a sine qua non condition for being welcomed in the village of the ancestors after death. The forms of performance are solo, duet and chorus. The kingdom continued on into the late 19th century CE but was then overwhelmed, like so many African cultures, by the arrival of the European colonialists. Webicc future tours programme 2024. buyer says i sent wrong item; how old is pam valvano; david paulides son passed away; keeley aydin date of birth; newcastle city council taxi licensing One of the emblems of Luba royal power was double iron bells, which show the ability to make sheet iron and to solder metals. Until 1992, this area was closed to the outside world. Luba cosmology casts Nkongolos evil government in aesthetic terms. The Luba tribe currently resides in the Katanga, Kasai, and Maniema regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Luba trade extended to the forests of central Africa, as far south as Zimbabwe, & east to the coast. Berkeley: University of California Press. Now, you can peek inside. The first ascent of the Kasai: being some records of service under the Lone Star. Religion is central to every activity of the Loba tribe (photo: Saransh Sehgal). The day-to-day here revolves around local trade, controlled tourism and animal husbandry. Her frame called carnival has the lady wearing blue, yellow and green dress. For most of her life, there were no roads, no money and few material possessions. Artists were often given very high social status, along with money and goods to help sustain "Kingdom of Luba." The more agriculture and trade prospered, the greater the surplus of produce which then allowed the wealthier citizens to free themselves from labour and devote themselves to the building of systems of state governance. The second name will be the name they received from their parents at birth. The Lhoba men in Luoyu wear knee-length black jackets without sleeves and buttons made out of sheep's wool. All Bokar groups have originated from Ramdung, Ramgo and Ramgu. The first settlements of the Himba people can be traced back to the early 16th century The Luba was an extensive trading kingdom, trading in ores like copper and iron, minerals like salt and diamonds, ivory and even metal works. Associate Professor, Department of Religious Studies, California State University, Northridge. Besides prayers and invocations, means of communication with the divine include the interpretation of dreams and especially the practice of lubuko (divination) to consult the will of the ancestors before any important decision or to know the causes of misfortune. The two kingdoms would eventually form a two-way relationship in terms of cross-cultural exchange. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa Art History in Africa: An Introduction to Method, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Almost equal to the ruling class were the memory men, the Mbudye. Upper Mustang is populated by the Loba tribe, theethnic Tibetans who still believe that the world is flat. Legends claim that a fierce soldier named Ame Pal founded the Kingdom of Mustang some time between 1350 and 1380. WebNepal houses more than fifty ethnic groups and with ethnicity comes great diversity. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. The Loba livelihood includes agriculture, livestock management, trade/seasonal, tourism, and labor migration. Soon these individual villages and town started to trade as a whole, realising the profit and benefits in consolidating their trade prowess. Many are moving overseas or to Nepal's cities in search of opportunity and an easier life. For an outsider, this unforgiving land is a sea of myths and mountains that shed light on a once great civilisation. If it goes on like this, our Buddhism will be lost.". The Luba kings and oral traditions claimed a past connection with the Shaba area inhabited by the Iron Age Lualaba people. These ruling class were almost exclusively merchants, who often held a monopoly in trade with items such as salt, copper, iron ore etc. We ate local food, all organic and people walked a lot in the fields," says Bista. A powerful religious lodge, the bambudye, acted as an effective check on the behaviour of the king and even had the power to execute him in case of excessive abuse of power. Their third name, which is given them by the guru, or the Hindu spiritual teacher, is to be kept a secret.It is common for a Loba woman to be married to several men, a practice known as polyandry. Each clan headed by a chief or kiloto, the 'owner of slaves', recognised the king's authority. The UNESCO General History of Africa (Vol. Mustang is a windy, arid, high altitude desert. [15][16] The two main tribal groups which fall under the designation "Lhoba" in the TAR are the Mishmi people (simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: Yd), who speak the Idu Mishmi language, and the speakers of the Bokar dialect of Abo Tani, who are found in far greater numbers inside Arunachal Pradesh, a state of modern-day India claimed by China. Luba, also called Baluba, a Bantu-speaking cluster of peoples who inhabit a wide area extending throughout much of south-central Democratic Republic of the Congo. Soon the territories of Luba were overrun enemies looking to reap the natural benefits of the lands. Artists were often given very high social status, along with money and goods to help sustain them. Celebration with great fanfare and the performance of priest dances marks the end of the festival. Lhoy is now the name of an area in Tibet, while Lower Lhoy is part of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. The Luba calendar was unique to the environment of the Upemba depression and helped farmers track when to plant and when to harvest. Both of them were providing very lucrative trading opportunities, and rather than going through the middle man of the Luba Kingdoms, they started raiding the territories of Luba on their own. Rich agricultural land was only available in pockets and in-between these were large uninhabited areas used for hunting. Please support World History Encyclopedia. In places near Tibetan communities people eat tsampa, potatoes, buttered tea and spicy food. The flight is an adventure in itself, flying through whats considered to be the deepest gorge in the world between the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountain ranges. The Kingdom of Luba, located in central Africa, thrived from the 15th to 19th century CE and was the first such state in the Congo basin. The important crops they raise are paddy, arum, tapioca, millet and maize. Pray that God will open the hearts of the governmental leaders in Nepal as well as the local leaders of Mustang to the Truth. There was almost a supernatural power associated with the holders of these titles, which led to a very strict code of loyalty and respect for the crown. Two Buddhist sects, the Kargyupa and the Sakyapa, are dominant in upper Mustang. They trace their origin from a common forefather, Abotani. Cite This Work Brown, H.D. [citation needed] In the past, when there was no writing, the Lhobas kept track of history through telling their The compact city offers up a unique walking experience, during which we explore mani walls, chortens, and monasteries that have housed veiled Buddhist texts and artwork for centuries. Although the Luba notion of bulopwe is rooted in the concept of divine kingship, no one in practice identified the king with the Supreme God during the time of the Luba empire. Ask God to send Christian tourists and hikers to Nepal who will share the love of Jesus with the Loba. The roofs are extremely uniform and smooth, and on each corner a small square is constructed so that prayer flags may be hung there. Pingback: The Luba Kingdom: A Prosperous Pre-Colonial African State. Baluba. Thus, the Luba empire was governed by an oral constitution based on the will of the ancestors (Kishila-kya-bankambo). 15. Thukpa is a Nepalese hot noodle soup, containing pieces of meat and vegetables. "In earlier times, there were nearly 125 monks here," says Sakya monk, Jabyang Sonam. The Kingdom of Luba was a large powerful kingdom which held the major power in Central Africa from the 15th century to the late 19th century (1585-1889). Traditions, changement, histoire: Les Somba du Dahomey, Septentrional. Baluba Mask. territories as well. Here's what they think of a Voice to Parliament, Soccer spectator accused of punching out teeth of referee in 'outrageous attack' refused bail, MasterChef judge Jock Zonfrillo remembered for 'wicked sense of humour' as it happened, US authorities scramble to rescue First Republic Bank before markets open, Musician Broderick Smith dies peacefully at home, aged 75, after career spanning decades, Police investigating gangland shooting allegedly uncover separate murder plot, Female phys ed teacher admits sexual offences against teen student, but plans to fight 10 more, A short history of the lowest-scoring matches in rugby league history. Print. The Chinese traders told Bista and his colleagues at the Lo Manthang Youth Club they had a fixed agreement with Beijing to provide food for five years. The younger Loba want to discard it, but the older generation feels it is necessary. Mustang is a semi-independent kingdom within Nepal. The Idu men wear a sword and waterproof cane helmet, and a chignon on their hair and shields made of buffalo hide. (more) From Tokyo Bay by boat to Nepal like a local and ancient discoveries from Tibet to Sri Lanka, there's no end to the rich experiences and adventures th Find your next incredible journey on Australian Traveller. In fact, this form of government was so successful that it was adopted by the kingdom of Lunda and the Kazembe Kingdom as well. Although the landlocked sovereign state of Nepal has long offered a treasure-trove of epic trekking expeditions, the vastness of the Himalayan range has also aided in preserving hidden societies that maintain a level of ethnic diversity, adding more layers to the journey. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. The king was surrounded by at least two dignitaries, the guardian of emblems, called inabanza, and the military chief or twite. The The Lord longs to set the Loba free from earthly and spiritual bondages, and to birth them into the Kingdom founded upon His Son, Jesus Christ.The Loba who live in the Kingdom of Mustang remain one of the most isolated peoples in the world, both geographically and spiritually. The Loba dress very much like the Tibetan tribes living in the Himalayan region. Memory: Luba Art and the Making of History. Luban art indicates aspects of its religion. It was from the walled city of Lo Manthang that the royal family, which could trace its history back 25 generations directly to Ame Pal, sat surveying a world that even to this day has much more ethnic proximity to Tibets capital Lhasa than to the bazaars and shrines of Nepals Kathmandu. WebObject Details Author Burgos, Jos Apolonio 1837-1872 1970 [1970] 1521-1812 Call number PQ8897.B83 L613 1970 PQ8897.B83L613 1970 Type Books Physical description In Luba's case, their nemesis was the Belgians, who took over this part of Africa around 1885 CE and created what became known as the Belgian Congo (1908-1960 CE). We hike along the mountains, through valleys and riverbed paths, passing villages of few inhabitants that offer a unique blend of culture, history and nature. Staple foods are dumplings made of maize or millet flour, rice or buckwheat or sago palm starch. This natural distribution explains why many small but independent chiefdoms sprang up in the region. Reefe, Thomas Q. These traders had routes spanning from east Africa to the distant Indian Ocean. Heavy drinkers and smokers, at celebrations the Lhobas sing and drink wine to celebrate good harvests and good luck. There is speculation that neighbouring China has set its sights on vast uranium deposits found in 2014. Bradley (2007) reports 800 ta ua (Chinese: Darang Deng) and 200 k mn (Chinese: Geman Deng; known as the Kaman or Miju Mishmi in India) in China, one village in Burma where they are known as Taraung, and the Taraon, Tayin, or Tain (formerly Digaru Mishmi) in northeastern India. While most Tani tribespeople living in modern-day Arunachal Pradesh point to a traditional homeland in or around this region,[14] there is currently no independent means of verification. Generally, in both the environmental and social-cultural front, tourism appears unfriendly to the Loba tribe. The entire economy of the Luba Kingdom was based solely on trade with the outside world. Crafts included pottery, basket-making, weaving and the production of salt, palm beer, and copper jewellery. It is surrounded on three sides by Chinese-occupied Tibet. It became the Republic of the Congo (aka Congo-Leopoldville) from 1960-4 CE, the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1964-71 CE, the Republic of Zaire from 1971-97 CE and finally today's Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1997 CE. Its capital city was Mwibele and it was the seat of power right up until the decline of the kingdom. A partial road connecting Lo Manthang with Tibet has been constructed, but yaks or ponies are still the only way to transport goods between villages. gazpacho albums ranked; what foods to avoid for occult blood test? Thus, the infant Kingdom of Luba was born. This is a unique feature of the Loba, but one that is slowly diminishing. Bateman, Charles Somerville Latrobe. [8], In 1965 the Chinese government officially recognised Lhoba as one of the 56 ethnic groups in China. For this reason, people often sleep on the terraces during the summer to escape the heat.Although feudalism is more or less extinct in most of Nepal, it is alive and well in Mustang. The most Loba families were found in USA in 1880. The Lhoba enjoy a subtropical/warm temperate climate. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Roberts, Mary Nooter, and Allen F. Roberts, eds. "They did free food distribution in the Mustang. Please donate to our server cost fundraiser 2023, so that we can produce more history articles, videos and translations. At the core of the Luba religion is the notion of bumuntu (authentic or genuine personhood) embodied in the concept of mucima muyampe (good heart) and buleme (dignity, self-respect). There are over 5,000 inhabitants of the Upper Mustang, but no doctors. RELATED: Apex Legends Might Be Coming To PlayStation 5, According To New Job Listing. You Should Also Read:Luo Tribe History and CultureMaasai Customs and TraditionsDjibouti TribesRelated ArticlesEditor's Picks ArticlesTop Ten ArticlesPrevious FeaturesSite Map
They are related to the Derung people of Yunnan or the Taron people of Myanmar. "Kingdom of Luba." A young monk walk passes through one of the tiny lanes of the Lo Manthang Village. baptist hospital Foreigners will need to arrange aspecial permit through trekking agencies; most Kathmandu- and Pokhara-based trekkingagencies offer English- and Tibetan-speaking guides and local Sherpas. Subscribe for free weekly updates from this African Culture site. "It's become like a rehab centre here," Bista explains. IV) has this to say on the kingdom's origins: The Luba kingdom was probably founded before 1500 by a certain Kongolo, near Kalongo, by the fusion of several patrilineal clans. Recently, a team of mountaineers and archaeologists discovered more of these cliff-side caves, many of which were used by Buddhists as meditation chambers (others seem to have been used as storage units). Elisofon, Eliot. Without automated machinery, everything was done by hand. This site needs an editor - click to learn more! Contact
N. pag. These titles were believed to be sacred and the people holding them to be divine. Him and his nephew, Kalala Ilunga, expanded the kingdom and its power, and took the kingdom to new heights. Do you wish to learn more about CulturePop? Thanks to the new road, the Loba can now get everything they need at local stores. Although, it is worth noting that an Folorunsho Alakija - the Wealthiest Black Woman. Many of the old sculptures are well preversed by local people (photo: Saransh Shegal). The first official tourist groups didnt gain access to Upper Mustang until 1992, and there are continued restrictions today: the Nepalese government in Kathmandu offers a special 10-day permit and it is mandatory for explorers to travel in groups (two people or more) with a guide. Cartwright, M. (2020, April 01). Their literature poses a significant influence on their Tibetan counterparts. It was established in the 15th century, though the region of Upemba depression had been inhabited for almost 1000 years prior by fishing villages on the lake and small towns built around working iron. Learn how your comment data is processed. I find tangled webs of Buddhist prayer flags, bleached by the sun and worn by the mountain winds, and stone-carved sacred text at every mountain pass, and encounter the smiling Loba people as they chant their prayers. A highlight of a visit to Lo Manthang is the Tiji Festival, a three-day ritual known as the chasing of the demons, held here during the summer. He stood at the apex of the pyramid of pyramids of kinship. Thukpa. It focuses on the development of programs for sexual abuse survivors to process trauma and feel empowered again. A Loba is seen bringing food supplies on horses to the villages in Upper Mustang (photo: Saransh Shegal). The Deng people (or Dengba, Chinese transcription of Taraon-Kaman languages: ; Chinese: ; Hanyu pinyin: Dng Rn) are not officially recognised by the government of People's Republic of China. There's also another threat on the horizon. Through the further acquisition of neighbouring lands and the joining of small chiefdoms through marriages, these ruling figures developed into a nobility with a king at their head. Map of Ancient & Medieval Sub-Saharan African StatesMark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). Structural Violence Structural violence is described as a form of violence whereby social structure plays pivotal roles in perpetuating discrimination, hence leading to preventable distress. Bradley, David (2007). Throughout the trailer, Loba is shown to be an agile Legend, using melee weapons when defending herself from enemies. Prior to c. 1500 CE, the Luba lineage was matrilineal, unlike almost all other societies in central equatorial Africa, but after this date, the Luba also adopted the patrilineal custom. The Yidu traditionally believe in a supreme god named "Inni". This form of government was so successful that it was adopted by the other kingdoms in Central Africa as well. Their population declined until recently due to this disease, and due to their low population, many either intermarry with Tibetans or with the tribal groups of Arunachal Pradesh, notably the Monpa. The Cantino Planisphere was a map of the then European discovered world, made by an anonymous Portuguese cartographer. They also take leafy vegetables, beans, gourd, sweet potato etc. Then she hit puberty, There are 11 First Nations MPs and senators. Bantje, Han. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In the 16th and 17th centuries, most of the Luba were ruled by a paramount chief (bulopwe or balopwe), although smaller independent chiefdoms already existed. Its a trail many have completed, and one many aim to complete during their lifetim Don't waste your time on the wrong underwater adventure (more) A swathe of ferocious deserts and epic mountains sandwiched between China and Russia, Mongolia is one of the worlds last true wildernesses. We want people all over the world to learn about history. What are their beliefs?The Loba are very religious people. Bebejia Mishmi women are expert weavers and make excellent coats and blouses.[18]. Both the men and women grow their hair long and often wear it braided. The Nkumu of the Tumba: ritual chieftainship on the middle Congo. "People say that before they didn't have so much stress but now everything is too much," says guesthouse owner Tam Ding. (Bokaer, Luoba, Lhopa, Loba, Yidu, Bengru). Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. The Luba understood that the power of the king should be limited and controlled to guarantee the welfare of the people. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. Brussels: n.p., 1954. Vol. WebCountry: Nepal. Yung Du lives in a tiny settlement in Nepal's Upper Mustang, a vast stretch of high-altitude desert that reaches the Tibetan border. "Many Loba parents who have moved outside the Mustang send their troubled kids back here 'you go to the Mustang and learn how to be a good person' and they end up ruining other young people.". It serves as a dune stabilizer and protective habitat for small animals. [9] Numbering 3,682 people, they make up about 0.1% of the population of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! They also give to the poor and needy, and abstain from sexual relations during this time. (1981). [citation needed] In the past, when there was no writing, the Lhobas kept track of history through telling their descendants and tying knot codes about their past. The primary religion practiced by the Loba is Tibetan Buddhism, a branch of Buddhism characteristic of Tibet and certain regions of the Himalayas. This is evident even in the way the Loba build their homes. Carved Stool, Luba KingdomThe British Museum (CC BY-NC-SA). Every village I encounter has its own monasteries cloaked in the smoke and aroma of butter lamps. WebThe Loba family name was found in the USA between 1880 and 1920. Nkongolo Mwamba symbolizes the embodiment of tyranny, whereas Mbidi Kiluwe remains the admired caring and compassionate king. ISBN 9780520041400. All rights reserved. Local metal deposits of iron and copper continued to be exploited. [9] Numbering 3,682 people, they make up about 0.1% of the population of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Rules of society are based on the values of respect and honor. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. They numbered about 5,594,000 in the late 20th century. That was the end of the kingdom as a unified state. This is evident even in the way the Loba build their homes. Other art objects show the Luba wore tall headdresses and had prominent ritual scars. Loba then turned to a life of crime as a highly-skilled thief who would steal valuable items. ", "People are never fulfilled you know?" An APF barracks was approved outside Lo Manthang in 2017 and China has also installed CC cameras in the area. The view from the plane, which passes between some of the worlds highest mountains, is mind-blowing. The Yidu also consume "Yu", a locally brewed rice beer, and rice beer prepared by a woman during her period is taboo to a priest. Overview: The Loba of Nepal, numbering 35,000, are Engaged yet Unreached. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The Luba religion was disseminated to the outside world by the publication of Placide Tempelss Bantu Philosophy in 1945. According to archaeological evidence, the Upemba depression had been inhabited since almost the 5th century by fishermen and fishing villages. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. he says. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka and Hiroshima the Japanese golden route. Cartwright, Mark. With your support millions of people learn about history entirely for free, every month. The kingdom's artists produced distinctive metal face masks which have cattle horns, likely a sign of magical powers and so associated with rulers. Did you misread Linha for Luba? We acknowledge Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Australians and Traditional Custodians of the lands where we live, learn, and work. WebThe name Loba is primarily a gender-neutral name of African origin that means To Talk. License. Text source: Bethany World Prayer Center 1999. Signup for our newsletter to get notified about sales and new products. His red skin symbolizes the colour of blood, and he is thus said to be Muntu wa Malwa, a physical and moral monstrosity who brings suffering and terror into the worldan uncivilized man who lives in an incestuous relationship with his own sisters. The Loba are primarily farmers, shepherds, or merchants. Peoples of the Buddhist World, Asia Harvest, Lowa, Lopa, Loyu, Loba, Lo Ke,Mustangi, Lo Montang. The slash and burn method of cultivation, known as Jhum is the mainstay of the Idus, and clearing of land is carried for every three to five years. [3] Lhobas are the smallest ethnic minority in China. WebCulture and religion. Most trekkers fly from Pokhara to Jomsom, and enter Upper Mustang at the village of Kagbeni, a three-hour walk from the airport. They brought wheat, buckwheat, barley" he says. But while the kingdom has been opened to the modern world for the first time, its very existence hangs in the balance. (See Luba-Lunda states.) Until 1992, this area was closed to the outside world. deferred adjudication terminated unsatisfactory texas. Also found in: Population: 35,000. * All data on this site updated on
Archaeologists have shown that the area where the heart of the empire was situated, east of the Kasai River around the headwaters of the Lualaba River, was likely inhabited by the 5th century ce, with the beginnings of the empire emerging by the 14th century. Every major village on the trekking trails inUpper Mustang offers homestays; experienced guides know the best ones. The 'sacredness' or bulopwe of kingship was inherent in the blood which flowed in the veins of the reigning lineage. One tradition says that the eldest son will inherit the family's property. Either marriage or abdication accounts for the joining of these micro-kingdoms into the larger Luba kingdom. Their third name, which is given them by the guru, or the Hindu spiritual teacher, is to be kept a secret. "Our grandmothers and grandfathers say life was very nice, it was friendly, now everybody has mobiles they don't talk with us.". Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and improve your knowledge base. Here are five interesting facts about the Himba: 1. The first name is given by a lama, or Buddhist monk. The Luba empire was one of the most-renowned African states. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1889. Art held a very high significance in the Luba Kingdom. "Because of the altitude, we could grow [crops] only once a year and we had very few animals and that was not enough for us," says Jigme. Metal-workers depended on traders to bring them the copper and charcoal, and in return supplied them with fish, farm products and metal articles. It reflects in the varied genres of Nepalese music. The Luba Kingdom was one of the very few African kingdoms to be mentioned in the Planisphere, and was illustrated to have been encompassing the entirety of Central Africa, from shore to shore, though this was not true. Some of the most mesmerising sights in the region are the hundreds of isolated cliff dwellings that are believed to date back to between 8 and 10,000 BC. There's also no waste management, with rubbish dumped and burned in the mountains presenting new health challenges. Priests used magic and divination to impress their followers and there was a widespread reverence for dead ancestors and local spirits associated with natural features and phenomena. The Luba Kingdoms survival and expansion was in part due to this form of government which was durable enough to withstand the disruptions of succession disputes and flexible enough to incorporate foreign leaders and governments.
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